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'Nawruz': Chitral's Cultural Link with Central Asia -letter


Since work on the Lawari tunnel started, rather restarted, two years ago, there has been increasing discussions as to its blessing to the Chitral population and the possible challenges that it will pose to the cultural, environmental, economic and social fabric in the future.

 

These debates and reflections regarding the consequences, positive as well as negative, ensuing from the tunnel's opening, have got momentum after the tunnel's first phase of construction was completed on 10th January 2009. Several letters have appeared and seminars have been held to explore the opportunities for development and measures necessary to protect the local population, its cultures, values and property.  One of the possibilities that the contributors to Chitral News and speakers in the seminars have highlighted is Chitral's connection with the Central Asian region.

 

In this regard, they have argued that Chitral had been historically, culturally and even economically part of Central Asia; it was one of the Silk Road network routes, linking south Asia with central Asia.

 

Discussing the economic, cultural and scientific contacts of Central and South Asia, Professor Ahmad Dani mentions: "Several princes, men of wisdom, missionaries and business men crossed the Hindukush and left behind their records on the rocks along the upper reaches of the Indus." Samarkand, Panchkent and Tashkent were directly linked with Chitral and Gilgit.
 

While debating the potential of the Lawari tunnel, many have expressed that a road via Chitral to Central Asia would serve Chitral well economically. Such a road would not only create enormous economic opportunities for the local people all along its length, but also would be relatively the shortest trade road for merchandise transfer between Pakistan and the Central Asian countries.

 

It is equally important to consider, in addition to the physical connection, that the cultural linkages that once existed need to be reinvigorated and promoted because in Professor Ahmad Dani's words "wherefrom came our mediaeval rulers and which bestowed a cultural character to the people of Pakistan."

 

 The festival of Nawruz is a powerful and solid reminder of that cultural link between South Asia and Central Asia..  This spring festival with thousands of years of history has continued through changing empires and civilizations as a great cultural event from Iran to the countries of Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. 
 
Throughout its long history, Nawruz has been one of the most revered themes of poetry. "Umar Khayyam, the great eleventh century poet and philosopher of the Saljuq Empire, wrote Nawruz Nama. Firdausi, the author of the celebrated Shah-nama commissioned by the founder of the Ghaznavid Empire, describes that besides many festive activities and exchange of gifts, peace and reconciliation with adversaries was an Important feature of Nawruz.

 

Nasir Khusraw, the Fatimid Hujjat of Central Asia and one of the great Persian poets and philosopher, refers in his lengthy poem to the awaking of the nature on the arrival of Nawruz and draws attention to its beauties and manifestations as signs of Allah's creative glory inviting human reflective faculties.  These are but a few examples of the vast poetic literature that Nawruz has inspired and continues to inspire the poets of Central Asia today.

The fact that the festival of Nawruz is linked with the unfolding of  nature's mysteries after long hibernation during the winter months, all successive civilizations before and after the advent of Islam and its extension to Persia and central Asia adopted the festival and transformed it according to their times, perspectives and conditions. One thing, however, that remained unchanged throughout history is that the festival did not allow itself to be a prisoner of ritualism in any era.  Even though it incorporated in its fold the ritual aspect, it remained a happy occasion of good will and celebration of the prospective blessings of nature to unfold. Since its inception in ancient time, Nawruz has continued to be an occasion of renewal, of hope and of joy.  The Persian kings considered seeding, particularly barley seeds as a blessing.

 

Feasts, songs and music were part of the Nawruz celebration, and several Sasanian melodies were named for the Nawruz day.  It was a time the regional rulers, nobles, the courtiers, merchants as well as common people would make presents to the great king who would reciprocate with bestowing them with rewards. According to the Shah-nama, the most important feature was conciliation and peace making.

 

When Bahram Gor was in disgrace, according to the Shah-nama, it was on Nawruz day and the Nawruz feast that he sat down once again with the nobles.

 

Furthermore, on this day of peace, joy, reconciliation and renewal of friendly linkages, the Sasanian kings would refrain from discussing any matter that would potentially flare up tensions among them.

The Muslim rulers in South Asia, the Sultans of Delhi introduced the festival of Nawruz in India in the fourteenth century and celebrated it on a grand scale at the court.  Amir Khusrau provides details of the Nawruz celebrations in a strikingly colorful manner; the beautiful arches, curtains of golden embroidered umbrellas (zarbaft chatrs) of five colors, artificial trees with birds on them, all adding to the charm and attraction of the celebrations.

 

The Mughals of India extended the length of the Nawruz celebrations to nineteen days. Rizvi and Poonampant write: "Under Akbar, assuming spectacular proportions, it (Nawruz) no longer remained confined to the upper classes but penetrated every stratum of society" . An occasion of happiness reflected in the new clothes and the decorated houses of the general public, it seemed to envelope all the cities, towns and villages of the Empire. Furthermore, games and pageants were held, Akbar's generals would receive gifts, and royal instructions would be issued inviting all citizens to enjoy the festival by singing and dancing. The public including women would be allowed to visit the palace and witness its magnificent celebratory activities.  Akbar would distribute one hundred thousand rupees to each class of people present in his assembly.  This Central Asian great pluralist Muslim ruler of India elevated Nawruz as primarily a cultural festival, with no religious overtones, in perfect resonance with South Asia's multicultural and plural society.

 

 Nawruz continued as a major cultural event of the subcontinent under his successors.  Some researchers have described the arrangements in the court of Jahangir as being so elaborate and rich that their like could not be found in the world.  Alas! This great Mughal cultural tradition in the subcontinent came to an end during Aurangzeb's reign, which came under the influence of religious bigotry.


The intellectuals, decision makers, and civil society organizations in Chitral should think seriously about the possible strategies to establish cultural connections and renewal of old linkages with Central Asia, which pave the way for flourishing trade activities throughout the length of the road to Central Asia once the Lawari tunnel is completed and
the dream of a prospective road extension to the region is realized.

 

I see no better occasion than Nawruz to be a harbinger of such an initiative.  How wonderful it would be to hold an annual Nawruz Jashn with a variety of sports, modern as well as traditional, literary gatherings, academic seminars, music concerts, and markets of commercial and cultural items. This shared spring festival has the potential to generate enormous economic and cultural activities contributing to the elimination of the centuries old challenges of isolation and poverty, thus bringing prosperity to Chitral and its adjacent regions with similar needs and challenges.

Mir Baiz Khan
Toronto.

22 March 09.

 

 

 

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